Fault Creep of Active Faults - Overview

Fault creep is the name for the slow, constant slippage that can occur on some active faults without there being an earthquake. When people learn about it, they often wonder if fault creep can defuse future earthquakes, or make them smaller. The answer is probably not, and this article explains why. Terms of Creep In geology, creep is used to describe any movement that involves a steady, gradual change in shape. Soil creep is the name for the gentlest form of landsliding. Deformation creep takes place within mineral grains as rocks become warped and folded. Fault creep, also called aseismic creep, happens at the Earths surface on a small fraction of faults. Creeping behavior happens on all kinds of faults, but its most obvious and easiest to visualize on strike-slip faults, which are vertical cracks whose opposite sides move sideways with respect to each other. Presumably, it happens on the enormous subduction-related faults that give rise to the largest earthquakes, but we cant measure those underwater movements well enough yet to tell. The movement of creep, measured in millimeters per year, is slow and constant and ultimately arises from plate tectonics. Tectonic movements exert a force (stress) on the rocks, which respond with a change in shape (strain). Strain and Force on Faults Fault creep arises from the differences in strain behavior at different depths on a fault. Down deep, the rocks on a fault are so hot and soft that the fault faces simply stretch past each other like taffy. That is, the rocks undergo ductile strain, which constantly relieves most of the tectonic stress. Above the ductile zone, rocks change from ductile to brittle. In the brittle zone, stress builds up as the rocks deform elastically, just as if they were giant blocks of rubber. While this is happening, the sides of the fault are locked together. Earthquakes happen when brittle rocks release that elastic strain and snap back to their relaxed, unstrained state. (If you understand earthquakes as elastic strain release in brittle rocks, you have the mind of a geophysicist.) The next ingredient in this picture is the second force that holds the fault locked: pressure generated by the weight of the rocks. The greater this lithostatic pressure, the more strain that the fault can accumulate. Creep in a Nutshell Now we can make sense of fault creep: it happens near the surface where lithostatic pressure is low enough that the fault is not locked. Depending on the balance between locked and unlocked zones, the speed of creep can vary. Careful studies of fault creep, then, can give us hints of where locked zones lie below. From that, we may gain clues about how tectonic strain is building up along a fault, and maybe even win some insight into what kind of earthquakes may be coming. Measuring creep is an intricate art because it occurs near the surface. The many strike-slip faults of California include several that are creeping. These include the Hayward fault in the east side of San Francisco Bay, the Calaveras fault just to the south, the creeping segment of the San Andreas fault in central California, and part of the Garlock fault in southern California. (However, creeping faults are generally rare.) Measurements are made by repeated surveys along lines of permanent marks, which may be as simple as a row of nails in a street pavement or as elaborate as creepmeters emplaced in tunnels. At most locations, creep surges whenever moisture from storms penetrates into the soil in California that means the winter rainy season. Creep's Effect on Earthquakes On the Hayward fault, creep rates are no greater than a few millimeters per year. Even the maximum is just a fraction of the total tectonic movement, and the shallow zones that creep would never collect much strain energy in the first place. Creeping zones there are overwhelmingly outweighed by the size of the locked zone. So if an earthquake that might be expected around every 200 years, on average, occurs a few years later because creep relieves a bit of strain, no one could tell. The creeping segment of the San Andreas fault is unusual. No large earthquakes have ever been recorded on it. Its a part of the fault, about 150 kilometers long, that creeps at around 28 millimeters per year and appears to have only small locked zones if any. Why is a scientific puzzle. Researchers are looking at other factors that may be lubricating the fault here. One factor may be the presence of abundant clay or serpentinite rock along the fault zone. Another factor may be underground water trapped in sediment pores. And just to make things a little more complex, it may be that creep is a temporary thing, limited in time to the early part of the earthquake cycle. Although researchers have long thought that the creeping section may stop large ruptures from spreading across it, recent studies have cast that into doubt. The SAFOD drilling project succeeded in sampling the rock right on the San Andreas fault in its creeping section, at a depth of almost 3 kilometers. When the cores were first unveiled, the presence of serpentinite was obvious. But in the lab, high-pressure tests of the core material showed that it was very weak because of the presence of a clay mineral called saponite. Saponite forms where serpentinite meets and reacts with ordinary sedimentary rocks. Clay is very effective at trapping pore water. So, as often happens in Earth science, everyone seems to be right.

Garments Internship Report - 12057 Words

C H A P T E R O N E 1. INTRODUCTION: We are living a time that needs and demands special attention and firm commitment towards practicing ethical norms and value and environmental safety at all the manufacturing facilities. The management of mohammadi group has a great responsibility to influence the conditions under which it manufactures the product. While accepting the facts the management understands and respects the different norms, ethic and values it encounter and does not compromise violation of any human right and the fundamental compliance issues at work place. The management always prefer that it all activity in the interest of society, national community and company itself. Objective of the study 1.1. General objective:†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Interview with the executives and officers of S. Nahar Garments Ltd. Secondary sources: Some secondary data was collected to make the report more concrete. This are- †¢ Publish document †¢ Official file †¢ Relevant books, internet, journals etc. 1.4 Limitations: Some limitation or barriers ware faced while conducting the study. the limitations which I faced during my study are as follow: †¢ There is no previous study and written information on such topic was available. †¢ Getting relevant papers and documents were strictly prohibited. †¢ Latest information is was not available. †¢ To protect the organizational confidence some parts of the report are not in depth. †¢ The time was not sufficient for such a study. †¢ Without holyday it was difficult to make time to visit University supervisor. C H A P T E R T W O 2.1 S NAHAR GARMENTS: S Nahar garments is a sister concern of MOHAMMADI GROUP being a company of the leading privet sector business. It gives the highest value of its entire component contributing to the production, management and revenues where the human resource was conceder as the prim factor. 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Porter Five Forces Analysis Free Essays

Porter five forces analysis  is a framework for industry analysis and business strategy development formed by  Michael E. Porter  of  Harvard Business School  in 1979. It draws uponindustrial organizationeconomics  to derive five forces that determine the competitive intensity and therefore attractiveness of a  market. We will write a custom essay sample on Porter Five Forces Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Attractiveness in this context refers to the overall industry profitability. An â€Å"unattractive† industry is one in which the combination of these five forces acts to drive down overall profitability. A very unattractive industry would be one approaching â€Å"pure competition†, in which available profits for all firms are driven to  normal profit. Five forces Threat of new competition Profitable markets that yield high returns will attract new firms. This results in many new entrants, which eventually will decrease profitability for all firms in the industry. Unless the entry of new firms can be blocked by  incumbents, the abnormal profit rate will tend towards zero (perfect competition). * The existence of  barriers to entry  (patents,  rights, etc. The most attractive segment is one in which entry barriers are high and exit barriers are low. Few new firms can enter and non-performing firms can exit easily. * Economies of product differences * Brand equity * Switching costs or  sunk costs * Capital requirements * Access to distribution * Customer loyalty  to established brands * Absolute cost * Industry profitability; the more profitable the industry the mor e attractive it will be to new competitors. Threat of substitute products or services The existence of products outside of the realm of the common product boundaries increases the  propensity  of customers to switch to alternatives. Note that this should not be confused with competitors’ similar products but entirely different ones instead. For example, tap water might be considered a substitute for Coke, whereas Pepsi is a competitor’s similar product. Increased marketing for drinking tap water might â€Å"shrink the pie† for both Coke and Pepsi, whereas increased Pepsi advertising would likely â€Å"grow the pie† (increase consumption of all soft drinks), albeit while giving Pepsi a larger slice at Coke’s expense. * Buyer propensity to substitute * Relative price performance of substitute Buyer  switching costs * Perceived level of  product differentiation * Number of substitute products available in the market * Ease of substitution. Information-based products are more prone to substitution, as online product can easily replace material product. * Substandard product * Quality depreciation Bargaining power of customers (buyers) The bargaining power of customers is also d escribed as the market of outputs: the ability of customers to put the  firm  under pressure, which also affects the customer’s sensitivity to price changes. Buyer concentration to  firm  concentration ratio * Degree of dependency upon existing channels of distribution * Bargaining leverage, particularly in industries with high  fixed cost * Buyer switching costs relative to  firm  switching costs * Buyer information availability * Availability of existing substitute products * Buyer  price sensitivity * Differential advantage (uniqueness) of industry products * RFM  Analysis Bargaining power of suppliers The bargaining power of suppliers is also described as the market of inputs. Suppliers of raw materials, components, labor, and services (such as expertise) to the  firm  can be a source of power over the firm, when there are few substitutes. Suppliers may refuse to work with the firm, or, e. g. , charge excessively high prices for unique resources. * Supplier switching costs relative to  firm  switching costs * Degree of differentiation of inputs * Impact of inputs on cost or differentiation * Presence of substitute inputs * Strength of distribution channel * Supplier concentration to  firm  concentration ratio * Employee solidarity (e. g. labor unions) Supplier competition – ability to forward vertically integrate and cut out the BUYER Ex. : If you are making biscuits and there is only one person who sells flour, you have no alternative but to buy it from him. Intensity of competitive rivalry For most industries, the intensity of competitive rivalry is the major determinant of the competitiveness of the industry. * Sustainable  competit ive advantage  through  innovation * Competition between online and offline companies * Level of  advertising  expense * Powerful  competitive strategy * Flexibility through customization, volume and variety How to cite Porter Five Forces Analysis, Papers

Othello Commentary free essay sample

Shakespeare’s Othello is a play about love, jealousy and racism. Othello is a Moor, who is kidnapped as a child and brought to Venice, where he grows up, becomes a mercenary and through his bravery rises to the rank of General of the Venetian army. Othello is in love with the beautiful Desdemona, daughter of a senator and is secretly married to her. Iago, his junior, jealous of his success attempts to destroy Othello and Desdemona and through his machinations obliterates love, honour and beauty. This passage marks the beginning of Act 1 Scene 2, and we see Iago come from badmouthing Othello to Roderigo and in this scene, he badmouths Roderigo to Othello. As in the first scene, the reader is sort of a voyeur, listening in to people’s conversations and making judgements or opinions of the characters based on the conversations we hear. Iago is a clever speaker and has a way with words. We will write a custom essay sample on Othello Commentary or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He has spoken of Othello to Roderigo in the first scene and called him all kinds of insulting names and adjudged him to be a criminal and bestial man. This scene begins with Iago, Othello and some attendants making their entrance. Iago recounts his supposed conversation with Roderigo to Othello and tells him that Roderigo has insulted Othello and Iago had been very upset with him and had tried everything to save Othello’s honour. He had also told Roderigo that despite his experience in battle, he had been overlooked for the job of Othello’s deputy. In his conversation with Othello, he uses â€Å"trade of war† to demonstrate his experience as it his trade and he is an able soldier having killed many men in battle, but though Roderigo insulted Othello, it was only because of his conscience that he had been able to stop himself from stabbing Roderigo. In this manner he is able to show the goodness of his heart and also question Othello, if he remembers that he is an experienced soldier. His use of conscience and â€Å"contrived murder† attempt to show Othello that it would have been like murder, which is planned, and not the right thing to do, though he was very angry with Roderigo and would have liked to stab him, â€Å" Nine or ten times. † By using the number of times he would have liked to stab Roderigo and also â€Å"yerked him here, under the ribs† he portrays his anger but also his indecisiveness. We also see that Iago’s use of â€Å"conscience†, at this time in the play leads to the audience’s knowledge of the reality of his lack of a conscience. Othello is happy that Iago has not taken any undue action and tells him its better that things are as they remain. Iago on the other hand, continues his tirade against Roderigo and tells Othello that Roderigo kept repeating himself, he â€Å"prated† or went on and on insulting Othello and spoke â€Å"such scurvy and provoking terms†. Shakespeare’s use of alliteration â€Å"such scurvy† only emphasise the point that Iago is trying to make that Roderigo used very contemptible terms, which were an insult to Othello’s honour. Iago then tries to show that he is a compassionate man, saying, â€Å"with the little godliness I have†, in an attempt to place himself in Othello’s good books. The use of the words,† full hard forbear him† once again are an attempt to portray Iago in a good light, as he says that it took all of his control not to attack Roderigo. full† and â€Å"hard† both have similar meanings, and are used to show the amount of control it took Iago not to do anything. The next line is an abrupt departure from the subject of Roderigo and Iago suddenly asks Othello, â€Å"Are you fast married? † perhaps this is an attempt by Iago to surprise Othello in to disclosing whether he is really married to Desdemona and the word, †fast† is us ed to suggest whether this marriage has been consummated, as if it has not been then perhaps it could still be annulled. He also suggests that Desdemona’s father is a very powerful man, â€Å"Magnifico†, a word that was used for the most powerful men in Venice. He also implies that the senator is so powerful that he commands more power than the Duke of Venice and will be able to get Desdemona divorced and Othello punished very severely. Shakespeare’s use of â€Å"a voice potential† signifies a power that is extremely strong and that no one will be able to against the voice of the Magnifico. Moreover he will be able to use all the might of the law to destroy Othello, as he is also an outsider and Venetian law favoured the Venetians. Othello, on the other hand, is not cowed by Iago’s words and tells him that he is not afraid and the Magnifico can do as he pleases. He believes that his service to the state and the rest of the wealthy citizens of Venice will be enough to protect him. He believes that his services will â€Å"out tongue† his complaints meaning that his services are worth more than another’s words, even a Magnifico’s. Othello tells Iago that he shall only boast of his descent when it is necessary and will tell the world that he too is a prince and his deficiencies or â€Å"demerits† can speak for themselves when he is in front of men of a lineage as regal as his. He also tells him that it is his good fortune that he has been able to win the hand of someone as gentle as Desdemona. He compares her to the treasures of the ocean, as pearls and other sunken treasure litter the sea floor. This comparison to treasure shows the measure of his love for Desdemona and he is willing to sacrifice everything for her. Othello and Iago are surprised to see some men entering and Iago counsels Othello to hide. He tells him that Desdemona’s father and his friends have come to seek him and suggest he hide. Not surprisingly, Othello refuses as he is a honourable man and has nothing to hide, declaring, â€Å" Not I, I must be found†. The use of repetition, â€Å"I† portrays the strength and self-respect that Othello possesses. In the next line he once again repeats, â€Å"My parts, my title and my perfect soul† the repetition of the word â€Å"my† is once again used to portray the nobleness of his soul and is indicative of his honour. To his question if it is really the senator, Iago replies swearing,† By Janus, I think no. † Shakespeare uses classical allusion her by referring to Janus, the two headed Roman god, signifying Iago’s duplicity. They are met by Cassio, Othello’s lieutenant and some guards, who bid him accompany them, as the Duke wants an audience with him. Cassio uses the words, â€Å"haste-post-haste† signifying the urgency with which Othello is required to accompany them to the Duke. Othello departs while questioning Cassio to the urgency of this command. This passage lays the groundwork and shows the duplicity of Iago and the lengths he is willing to go to integrate himself with Othello, while plotting his downfall. It also becomes evident that Iago and Othello are diametrically opposite characters. Iago, who is willing to do or say anything to achieve his ambitions, while Othello is a honourable man, who is willing to do anything for his love Desdemona and is proud of his achievements and his lineage.